Dreams Deferred in Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun

Lorraine Hansberry’s classic play, A Raisin in the Sun, culls its title from the infamous poem â€Å"Dream Deferred† by Langston Hughes, and both works discuss what happens to a person when their dreams -- their hopes, their aspirations, their lives -- are endlessly put on hold. For this analysis of the dreams and character of Beneatha Younger in Raisin, I would like to pull on another dreamy poem of Langston Hughes’ entitled â€Å"Dream Boogie.† Like all the characters in the play, Beneatha has dreams that are dear to her, but their deferment does not cause them to dry up, fester, rot, crust, sag, or explode. Rather, the deferment of Bennie’s dreams expresses itself in her â€Å"dream boogie†: in her sarcastic, biting wit and her life perspective that†¦show more content†¦To a stranger watching, it may seem to be a relatively simple conflict; however, much like the melody of a boogie, there’s much more than meets the eye (or ear), and the reality of the situation may surprise the unprepared. We see the literal expression of a â€Å"dream boogie† in a scene that encapsulates the brother-sister dual-dreamer relationship of Beneatha and Walter Lee. After a heavy bout of drinking, Walter comes home to find Bennie dancing away to an African beat, and he joins in, at first comically, and later with the same spiritual intent that Bennie has. This connection between the two intensifies, climaxing with Beneatha calling â€Å"OCOMOGOSIAY† (79) at the top of her lungs while Walter chants atop the kitchen table. This distinctly un-boogielike dance is an expression of each character’s repressed dreams. Their rumblesome â€Å"happy beat† hides a distinctly unhappy sense of unfulfilled dreams on the part of Bennie, who sees the world working against her dreams of becoming a doctor and is fighting against all those who â€Å"still think that’s pretty funny† (50), including Walter Lee, who early on expresses his disregard for her ambitions. Thoug h most of their interactions in the play are bitter and embroiled in conflict, this example of their shared dream boogie demonstrates that they share a commonShow MoreRelatedEssay on Dreams Deferred in Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun915 Words   |  4 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lorraine Hansberry, the author of A Raisin in the Sun, supports the theme of her play from a montage of, A Dream Deferred, by Langston Hughes. Hughes asks, â€Å"What happens to a dream deferred?† He suggests many alternatives to answering the question. That it might â€Å"dry up like a raisin in the sun,† or â€Å"fester like a sore.† Yet the play maybe more closely related to Hughes final question of the poem, â€Å"Or does it explode?† The play is full of bombs that are explosions of emotion set off by the frustrationRead MoreA Raisin Review673 Words   |  3 PagesA Raisin Review Kenneth Hawthorne English/125 3/15/2016 University of Phoenix A Raisin Review â€Å"What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? Or faster like a sore and then run? Does it stink like rotten meat? Or crust and sugar over like a syrupy sweet? Maybe it sags like a heavy load. Or does it explode†. (Langston Hughes, Harlem) The author Lorraine Hansberry was born May 19, 1930 in Chicago, Illinois. Lorraine Hansberrys writing style is autobiographicalRead MoreThe Great Playwright s Life Story2415 Words   |  10 PagesBefore the relatively short life of Lorraine Hansberry tragically ended, the African-American playwright distinguished herself in American theatre and literature as she creatively and unknowingly challenged the views of African-American life, among other inescapable issues of the nation and the world, on the theatrical stage. The great playwright’s life story began on May 19, 1930. Although born during a time of hardship introduced by the Great Depression, Hansberry grew up rather comfortably inRead MoreLorraine Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun1260 Words   |  6 Pagesinevitable, people still dream of catching a mirage. There is a fine line that separates those who are oblivious to this fact, and to those who are aware and accept this knowledge. The people who are oblivious represen t those who are ignorant of the fact that their dream will be deferred. This denial is the core of the concept used in A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry. The perception of the American Dream is one that is highly subjective, but every individual dream ends in its own defermentRead More Racism and the American Dream in Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun1340 Words   |  6 PagesA Raisin in the Sun is written by a famous African- American play write, Lorraine Hansberry, in 1959. It was a first play written by a black woman and directed by a black man, Lloyd Richards, on Broadway in New York. The story of A Raisin in the Sun is based on Lorraine Hansberry’s own early life experiences, from which she and her whole family had to suffer, in Chicago. Hansberry’s father, Carol Hansberry, also fought a legal battle against a racial restrictive covenant that attempted to stop African-Read MoreInitial Expectation And Purposes Of Theatre845 Words   |  4 PagesPurp oses of Theatre â€Å"Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun (1959) probes the racially charged politics of home ownership in post–World War II Southside Chicago† (Matthews). Before going to see this performance, I made a quick research about this play and that research formed an initial view about this performance. I have read about the play in general, a short synopsis a historical and influences upon American society and theatre. Lorraine Hansberry’s â€Å"A raisin in the Sun† is a play that tellsRead More A Comparison of the Dream Deferred in A Raisin in the Sun and Harlem1407 Words   |  6 PagesA Dream Deferred in A Raisin in the Sun and Harlem In Lorraine Hansberrys play A Raisin in the Sun, the author reveals a hard-working, honest African-American family struggling to make their dreams come true. Langston Hughes poem, Harlem, illustrates what could happen if those dreams never came to fruition. Together, both Hansberry and Hughes show the effects on human beings when a long-awaited dream is thwarted by economic and social hardships. Each of the characters in A RaisinRead MoreEssay about A Raisin in the Sun1559 Words   |  7 Pagesdomestic suburban dream was difficult, if not impossible, to obtain because â€Å"race made them outcasts in the suburban housing market† (Wiese 99). If the model American home represented the â€Å"essence of American freedom,† clearly it was a freedom withheld from a significant portion of America’s population (May 16). While Nixon articulated the â€Å"widely shared belief† that suburbia â€Å"offered a piece of the American dream for everyone,† in New York, Lorraine Hansberry’s play, A Raisin in the Sun, offered a veryRead MoreWhat Does You Dream Deferred? Lorraine Hansberry s Play, A Raisin And The Sun ``942 Words   |  4 PagesWhat Happens to Dreams Deferred? Lorraine Hansberry’s play, A Raisin in the Sun, addresses the hardships of an African-American family living in the projects of post-segregation Chicago. The family aspires to fulfill their dreams of owning a home despite the odds they face. W.E.B Du Bois critical race theory explains the issue of racism and white dominance that not only the family in the play faces, but the African American community as a whole. American society only allows for African AmericansRead Moreresearch paper to raisin in the sun3138 Words   |  13 Pagesï » ¿May 5, 2014 Eng- Sunday Evening I have a dream†¦ â€Å"A dream deeply rooted in the American Dream.† â€Å"I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live without the true meaning of its creed: â€Å"we hold these truths to be self- evident: that all me are created equal.† â€Å"I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judge by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.† â€Å"I have a dream that one day little black boys and black girls

Economic Questions - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 689 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Question: You have been given the following information and data that pertains the demand for firm’s product summarized as a function of its own price and income. Where the total number of statistical units (n) is 150 and the number of parameters (k) is 3. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Economic: Questions" essay for you Create order Required: From the above information, compute the following values in linear regression analysis. A) R-Squared (R2) B) Adjusted R2 D) Degrees of freedom; between, within, and total E) Standard error of intercept F) t-statistic for the price of X G) Coefficient t estimate of income Answers: A) R-Square is referred to as the statistical measure that shows how close the data is to the fitted regression line (Fox, 2015). It is known as coefficient of determination and is computed as the ratio of error sum of squares from the regression to the total error sum of squares. That is, in order to compute the value of R-Square, the value of error sum of squares from the regression, and the total error sum of squares   have to be computed. And so, from the above information given, the value of; Therefore, R-Square (R2) becomes; This implies that there is a strong correlation between the variables and the relationship is strongly non-linear. B) The adjusted R2 is computed as; C) The value of is computed as: D) The degrees of freedom (df) is equal to the sum of individual degrees of freedom for each and every sample. And because each sample has degrees of freedom that are equivalent to one less than their size of sample, with samples k, the total degrees of freedom will be attained through subtracting k from the total number of sample size. That is; Degrees of freedom between (SSB) Degrees of freedom within (SSW) Total = SSW + SSB = N – 1 = 147 + 2 = 149 E) To compute the standard error of intercept, you use the relationship between t-statistic and the parameter estimate value together with its standard error. That is; F) Similarly, t-statistic is referred to the measure of relative strength of prediction. In essence, it is more reliable than the regression coefficient since it takes into account the error value. And so, to calculate the t-statistic for the price of X, you use the relationship between the parameter estimate value together with its standard error. That is; G) The same method is used to estimate the value of coefficient estimate for income. And this is; For that case, the computed values altogether are; For each and every type of t-test one uses, a specific procedure has to be used in order to account to all your data in the sample make it a single value, the t-value (Darlington Hayes, 2016). When you calculate the t-values, you are comparing your sample means to the hypothesis and using both the size of sample and the data variability. When t-value is 0, this indicates that the results from the sample are equivalent to the null hypothesis. However, t-value increases as a result of increase in the difference between the sample data and the null hypothesis. In this case, the rule of thumb states that I the absolute value of t-statistic is greater than 2, the corresponding parameter estimate is statistically indistinct from zero. This implies that having worked out the values of t-statistic for both the income and intercept, we’ve noticed they are greater than 2. And so, his indicates that the estimated coefficient of the income and intercept are statistically dissimilar from zero. Let us analyze the regression line and see how the data fits. It’s good to note that there is only a little difference between the value of R2 and that of adjusted R2, where both are 0.85. When the value of coefficient of determination is high, it implies that the data fits well in the regression line. The significance value for this regression is considered to be 0.00, and the F-statistic has a value of 12.05, which is a large value in this case. This means that there is absolutely no chance that the estimated regression model would fit the data, and if it does, perhaps in an accidental way (Gao King, 2015). Consequently, the regression is regarded to be highly significant.

Symbolism In Teh Kite Runner And Lord Of The Flies

Think about how politics, hope, and evil are represented in daily life? We tend to delve into loads of novels, Every. Single. Day. But we never stop to think that the ideas presented in the book apply to us. It’s not just a fantasy. Novels talk about humanity, sometimes we just need to pause and receive the message that the author is trying to convey us in their literature. We are going to analyze two books, The Kite runner and lord of the flies. Khaled Hosseini, in Teh Kite Runner, and William Golding, in Lord of the Flies, Bothe use symbols in their narratives to represent broader ideas like politics, Hope and Evil, but the interpretation pf these presented ideas is varied. Both Khaled Hosseini and William Golding use a symbol to†¦show more content†¦He points out how people accepted the circumstances as their fate and didn’t fight because they felt their place was below the Taliban. â€Å" I wondered briefly what it must be like to live with such an ingrained sense of one’s place in a hierarchy.† (Hosseini 42) The ingrained sense of fear and one’s place in hierarchy forbid the Afghans to stand up and speak up. Furthermore, Hosseini and Golding explored the topic of Hope in their narratives. Golding used the signal fire as the symbol of hope for the boys. Keeping the fire going was the sole purpose of the boys before savagery took over. â€Å"The fire is the most important thing on the island. How can we ever be rescued except by luck, if we don’t keep a fire going? Is a fire too much for us to make? Look at us! How many are we? And yet we can’t keep a fire going to make smoke. Don’t you understand? Can’t you see we ought to-- ought to die before we let the fire out?† ( Golding 81) As the fire faded so did the civilized rule. If we observe throughout the book, the signal fire acted as a parallel to civilization and knowledge. â€Å"The fire’s the most important thing. Without the fire we can’t be rescued. I’d like to put war-paint on and be a savage. But we must keep the fire burning. The fire’s the most important thing on the island, because, --’ He paused again and the silence became full of doubt and wonder. Piggy whispered urgently ‘Rescue’ (Golding 125). In the beginning when they had

The Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne - 999 Words

Nathaniel Hawthorne is the author of the prodigious book entitled The Scarlet Letter. In The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne commits adultery with Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale. Her husband, Roger Chillingworth, soon finds out about the incident after it becomes clear that she is pregnant. The whole town finds out and Hester is tried and punished. Meanwhile, Roger Chillingworth goes out then on a mission to get revenge by becoming a doctor and misprescribing Dimmesdale. He does this to torture Dimmesdale as a form of revenge. Hester is publicly punished and is contrived to wear a scarlet letter â€Å"A† on her bosom. This is how she was punished. This was a way to shame her and seclude her from society. Hester was forced to stand on a scaffolding and stare out over the people that were watching her with her scarlet letter â€Å"A† embroidered on her chest. Over time the scarlet letter â€Å"A† in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s, The Scarlet Letter, acquired many meanings including adultery, able, and angel. The scarlet letter â€Å"A† originally meant adultery in Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter. Hester is made to wear the letter A once the town s people see, that she committed adultery by bearing a child by some other soul than her husband Roger Chillingworth. Adultery was a sin and was sometimes punishable by death. Hester was lucky in this instance to only have to wear a scarlet letter â€Å"A† on her chest. This A was used as a form of punishment. What Hester did was prodigiously againstShow MoreRelatedThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1242 Words   |  5 PagesLYS PAUL Modern Literature Ms. Gordon The Scarlet Letter The scarlet letter is book written by Nathaniel Hawthorne who is known as one the most studied writers because of his use of allegory and symbolism. He was born on July 4, 1804 in the family of Nathaniel, his father, and Elizabeth Clark Hathorne his mother. Nathaniel added â€Å"W† to his name to distance himself from the side of the family. His father Nathaniel, was a sea captain, and died in 1808 with a yellow fever while at sea. That was aRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne960 Words   |  4 Pages3H 13 August 2014 The novel, The Scarlet Letter, was written by the author Nathaniel Hawthorne and was published in 1850 (1). It is a story about the Puritan settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, set around 1650 (2). The story is written in the third person with the narrator being the author. The common thread that runs through this novel is Hawthorne’s apparent understanding of the beliefs and culture of the Puritans in America at that time. But Hawthorne is writing about events in a societyRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne919 Words   |  4 Pagessymbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†. Symbolism is when an object is used in place of a different object. Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the most symbolic writers in all of American history. In â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the letter â€Å"A† is used to symbolize a variety of different concepts. The three major symbolistic ideas that the letter â€Å"A† represents in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter† are; shame, guilt, and ability. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the firstRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1397 Words   |  6 PagesFebruary 2016 The Scarlet Letter was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1850 which is based on the time frame of the Puritans, a religious group who arrived in Massachusetts in the 1630’s. The Puritans were in a religious period that was known for the strict social norms in which lead to the intolerance of different lifestyles. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the puritan’s strict lifestyles to relate to the universal issues among us. The time frame of the puritans resulted in Hawthorne eventually thinkingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne1037 Words   |  5 Pagesthat human nature knows right from wrong, but is naturally evil and that no man is entirely â€Å"good†. Nathaniel Hawthorne, author of the classic novel The Scarlet Letter, believes that every man is innately good and Hawthorne shows that everyone has a natural good side by Hester’s complex character, Chillingworth’s actions and Dimmesdale’s selfless personality. At the beginning of the Scarlet Letter Hester Prynne is labeled as the â€Å"bad guy†. The townspeople demand the other adulterer’s name, butRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1517 Words   |  7 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne composes Pearl as a powerful character even though she is not the main one. Her actions not only represent what she is as a person, but what other characters are and what their actions are. Hawthorne makes Pearl the character that helps readers understand what the other characters are. She fits perfectly into every scene she is mentioned in because of the way her identity and personality is. Pearl grows throughout the book, which in the end, help the readers better understandRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1488 Words   |  6 Pages In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter, the main character, Hester Prynne, is a true contemporary of the modern era, being cast into 17th century Puritan Boston, Massachusetts. The Scarlet Letter is a revolutionary novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne examining the ugliness, complexity, and strength of the human spirit and character that shares new ideas about independence and the struggles women faced in 17th century America. Throughout the novel, Hester’s refusal to remove the scarlet letterRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1319 Words   |  6 PagesPrynne and Arthur Dimmesdale are subject to this very notion in Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter. Hester simply accepted that what she had done was wrong, whereas Dimmesdale, being a man of high regard, did not want to accept the reality of what he did. Similar to Hester and Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingworth allows his emotions to influence his life; however, his influence came as the result of hi s anger. Throughout the book, Hawthorne documents how Dimmesdale and Hester s different ways of dealingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1714 Words   |  7 PagesSome two hundred years following the course of events in the infamous and rigid Puritan Massachusetts Colony in the 1600s, Nathaniel Hawthorne, descendant of a Puritan magistrate, in the 19th century, published The Scarlet Letter. Wherein such work, Hawthorne offered a social critique against 17th Massachusetts through the use of complex and dynamic characters and literary Romanticism to shed light on said society’s inherent contradiction to natural order and natural law. In his conclusive statementsRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1172 Words   |  5 Pagesfreedom, peace, and introspection. However, until the last century, the wilderness was often regarded with fear and resentment. Written long before John Muir and the conservation movement, The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne was well ahead of its time for its depiction of wilderness. In The Scarlet Letter, Arthur Dimmesdale leaves the beaten path and seeks refuge in the forest. There, he gains the strength and willpower to throw off seven years of hopelessness and take his fate into his own hands

Export Import Free Essays

string(48) " use the ame as a raw material for manufacture\." Import and export of goods play a vital role in all the economy. That too, India is a developing country, the role of export and import are of greater emphasis. There must be a free flow of exports and imports in order to improve the economy. We will write a custom essay sample on Export Import or any similar topic only for you Order Now But, the free flow should not affect the economy. So, the control over import and export of goods become the need of the hour. Regulation mandated by a state attempts to produce outcome which might not otherwise occur, produce or prevent outcomes in different places to what might otherwise occur, or produce or prevent outcomes in ifferent timescales than would otherwise occur. In this way, regulations can be seen as implementations artifacts of policy statements. The economics of imposing or removing regulations relating to markets is analyzed in regulatory economics. [Development of economic legislation is of comparatively recent origin. Reserve Bank of India was established in 1935 to exercise control over banking and fiscal activities. Need to control economic activities through legislation arose during the Second World War to face shortages. Price and distribution controls were established on arious essential commodities under the Defense of India Act, 1939 (later converted into Essential Supplies (Temporary Powers) Act of 1946 and Essential commodities Act in 1955). Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1947 was passed to control the difficult position of foreign exchange. Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951 provided for industrial licensing and registration. MRTP Act was passed in 1969 to exercise control over monopolies, unfair trade practices and restrictive trade practices. Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985 was passed as a solution to growing sickness in industries. Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 was passed to establish a statutory body (SEBI) to exercise control over rapidly growing capital market. Earlier, capital issues (control) Act, 1947 was used to exercise control over capital issues. This Act was scrapped after the formation of SEBI. As international business is growing, importance of controls over foreign transactions is growing. The main purpose of economic legislation is to support the economic policies of the Government. b. to exercise control over economic activities. to protect consumers from unscrupulous persons. d. To prevent bad side effects of the development. India decided to follow Russian model of ‘controlled economy and ‘leading role to public sector’. Various Acts were passed atter 1947 to suppo t rt nese ideals. T envisaged various controls, licensing etc†¦ Some Acts like Essential Commodities Act. FERA was designed to support ‘shortage economy, where supply was less compared to demand. These economic policies were totally changed in July 1991. It is ironical that through the policies have changrd, the old Acts still continue. Though some amendments to FERA, MRTP Act etc†¦ have been made, the basic philosophy of these Acts (i. e) controls and licensing continues. Luckily, the Acts provided so much flexibility in framing policies that these old Acts provided so much flexibility in framing policies that these old Acts designed for different purposes and with entirely different concepts can be in fact are being used to implement new policies. Indeed the new policies are against basic philosophy of the old economic legislation. The country which is purchasing the goods is known as the importing country and the country which is selling the goods known as exporting country. The traders involved in such transaction are importers and exporters respectively. In India, exports and imports are regulated by Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act, 1992, which replaced the Imports and Exports (control) Act, 1947, and gave the Government of India enormous powers to control it. Besides the FTDR Act, there are some other laws which control the export and import of goods. These include :- a. -rea Act, 1953 b. Coffee Act, 1942 The Rubber Act, 1947 The Marine Products Export Development Authority Act, 1972 e. The Enemy Property Act, 1968 The Export (Quality Control and Inspection) Act, 1963. g. The tobacco Board Act, 197513] IMPORT RESTRICTIONS Control over the import ot the goods in to India is exercised by the Import Trade Control Oragnisation, which functions under the ministry of commerce. This rganisation is supervised by the director General of foreign trade station at New Delhi, who is assisted by Additional and Joint director general and by other licensing authorities at various centers. Current import policy is embodied in the export and import policy book out by the DGFT. CUSTOMS ACT, 1962 Section 12(1) of the customs Act is the charging section which provides for imposition of a duty called Customs duty levied as per the customs Tariff act 1975, or any other law for the time being in force on the goods imported in to India or exported out of India. The objects of Customs Act are i) To regulate imports and exports. To protect domestic industries from dumping. iii) revenue in the form of customs duty and indirect tax. iv) legislations such as FTDR and FEMA. To collect To assist allied By virtue of the power conferred under Secl 56 of the Customs Act 1962 Central Govt is empowered to make rules consistent with the provisions of the Act. Similarly by virtue of its powers conferred under Sec157 of the Act , the Central Board of Excise and Customs(CBEC) has been empowered to frame regulations( Customs House Agent Regulations) EXPORT IMPORT PROHIBITIONS Secl 1 of the Customs Act 1962 gives powers to central government to prohibit import or export of goods . Such a prohibition can be absolute or conditional. Absolute prohibition means an importer is totally prohibited in importing/exporting the subject goods. Some of the goods prohibited from time to time are narcotic drugs, explosives, live or dead animals [birds, arms and ammunition, counterfeit currency notes. On the other hand, conditional prohibition would mean that the prohibition would mean that the prohibition would mean that the prohibition is subject to certain conditions imposed. A conditional prohibition would attract in a case where the importer is prohibited in selling/trading the imported goods but can only use the ame as a raw material for manufacture. You read "Export Import" in category "Papers" Some item like wool, turmeric, onion, black pepper, tea, etc†¦ are allowed to be exported only after they are graded by designated authorities. In terms of Sec. ll (2) of the Customs Act, 1962, the prohibition may among other things relate to the following: i) Maintenance of security of India. Prevention of smuggling Conservation of foreign exchange and safeguarding balance of payments. Prevention of serious injury to domestic production of goods. v) Protection of national treasures. Maintenance of public order and standards of decency and morality. vii) Protection of IPR (Patent/Trademark/Copyright) viii) Any other matter conducive to the interest of general public. Sec. 2 (33) of the act defines prohibited goods means any goods the import or export of which is subject to any prohibition under this act or any other law for time being in force but doesn’t include any such goods in respect of which the conditions subject to which the goods are permitted to be imported or exported, have been complied with. Therefore, the prohibition under Customs Act applies to prohibition under any other law in India. ) Ancient Monument Prevention Act prohibits/ restricts antiquities e imported or exported without licence. b) Arms and ammunition cannot c) Wildlife Act prohibits certain exports- ‘red sandal wood ‘(which are used in Middle East countries for making musical instruments) d) Environment Protection Act prohibits export of some items. At the time of import of goods the customs authorities will first check whether the items imported is prohibited / restricted or subject to conditional import, before allowing clearance of the goods. Similarly at the time export also the goods are given ‘let export order’ only after they are checked with the reference to restrictions/ rohibitions. If such goods are attempted to be smuggled the goods are liable to seizure/confiscation and the offender liable to penal action including arrest / prosecution under the Customs Act. The word ‘confiscation’ implies appropriation consequential to seizure. The essence and concept of the confiscation is that after confiscation the property of the confiscated goods vest with the central govt. Secl 1 1 of the Act provides for confiscation of improperly imported goods. The goods brought from a place outside India shall be liable for confiscation. Sec. 111 (d) says â€Å"any goods hich are imported or attempted to be imported or are brought within the Indian Customs waters for the purpose of being imported, contrary to any prohibition imposed by or under this act or any other law for the time being in force. Secl 13 of the Act deals with confiscation of goods attempted to be improperly exported . The export goods shall be liable for confiscation under sec 113 (d) says â€Å"any goods attempted to be exported or brought within the limits of any customs area for the purpose of being exported contrary to any prohibition imposed by or under this Act or any other law for time being in force. COFEPOSA, 1974 Conservation of Foreign Exchange and prevention of smuggling Activities Act (COFEPOSA) was passed in 1974 when foreign exchange position in India was bleak and smuggling was beyond control. In view of recent liberalisation, the Act has lost its significance. The Act gives wide powers to executive to detain a person on mere Suspicion of smuggling (the draconian provisions of the act can be compared with provisions of TADA, where a person can be incarnated in Jail merely for possessing a illegal weapon and having acquaintances with some underworld elements, without any proof of direct involvement in terrorist activities). The acts like COFEPOSA, TADA, etc†¦ are criticized on the ground that they violate basic human rights. Freedom of a man can be taken away under such Acts, without Judicial scrutiny and safeguards. The act has been given special protection by including the same in the 9th schedule to constitution. The validity of COFEPOSA particularly section 5A and SAFEMA smugglers and foreign Exchange Manipulators (forfeiture of property) Act 1976, have been upheld in Attorney General of India Vs. Amaratlal PraJivandas[4]. A 9 member bench SC order. Thus, individual civil liberties can be curtailed for national security and in national interest. Under provisions of the act, a Government officer, not below the rank of Joint Secretary in case of central Government and Secretary in case of State Government, who is specifically authorized by central or state government for that purpose, is authorised to order detention of a person (including a foreigner) with a view to prevent him from acting in any manner prejudicial to conservation or augmentation of foreign exchange, or to prevent him from smuggling or abetting smuggling of goods, or transporting, keeping conceling or dealing in smuggling goods or harbouring persons engaged in smuggling ot goods. section. ). where an order ot detention is made by state government officer, it should be reported to central government within 10 days. (Section. 3 (2)). When detention is ordered by central government, central govt. is appropriate government. When detention is ordered by state government, that govt. is appropriate government. The significance of this definition is that the ‘A ppropriate government’ has to make a reference to advisory board formed for the purpose of COFEPOSA and take action as per decision of advisory board. Appropriate government also has powers to revoke a detention, release a person temporarily, etc†¦ SAFEMA, 1976 Another act relevant to COEPOSA is SAFEMA – smugglers and Foreign Exchange Manipulators (Forfeiture of property) Act, 1976. The act applies to persons convicted under customs Act, FERA and to those detained under COFEPOSA. The purpose of the act is to forfeit the illegally acquired properties of the smugglers and foreign exchange manipulators. Property can be forfeited merely on the ground that he is detained under COFEPOSA. However, in case of customs and FERA, property can be forfeited only if a person is convicted under these Acts. An appellate tribunal has also been formed for this purpose. COFEPOSA is dreaded Act similar to TADA. It permits detention of a person even without a charge. Since the powers are extraordinary, generally courts are strict about the conditions prescribed in respect of detention. FOREIGN TRADE (DEVELOPMENT AND REGULATION) ACT, 1992. The FTDR Act is designed to develop and regulate foreign trade by facilitating imports in to India, and augmenting exports from India, and for matters connected therewith. The salient features of the Act are as follows; 0 It has empowered the Central Government to make provisions for development and regulation of foreign trade by acilitating imports into, and augmenting exports from India and for all matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. 0 The Central Government can prohibit, restrict and regulate exports and imports, in all or specified cases as well as subject them to exemptions. 0 It authorizes the Central Government to formulate and announce an Export and Import (EXIM) Policy and also amend the same from time to time, by notification in the Official Gazette. It provides for the appointment of a Director General of Foreign Trade by the Central Government for the purpose of the Act. He shall advise Central Government in formulating export and import policy and implementing the policy. 01Jnder the Act, every importer and exporter must obtain a ‘Importer Exporter Code Number’ (‘EC) from Director General of Foreign Trade or from the officer so authorised. The Director General or any other officer so authorised can suspend or cancel a licence issued for export or import of goods in accordance with the Act. But he does it after giving the licence holder a reasonable opportunity of being heard. PENALTY Export or import in violation of provisions of the act, rules or policy is an offence. Penalty up to five times the value of goods can be imposed. The contravening goods and conveyance carrying the goods are liable to confiscation. The goods and conveyances confiscated can be released by paying redemption charges equal to market value of such goods or conveyance. Conveyance will not be confiscated if it is owner proves that the conveyance was used without his knowledge or ne took reasonable precautions against its misuse. Penalty and confiscation can be ordered by ‘Adjudicatory authority. APPEAL Appeal against the order of DGFT for refusing of suspending or cancelling code umber or licence or imposing penalty can be filed within 45 days with prescribed authority. Appeal can be filed only on payment of penalty imposed, unless appellate authority dispense with such pre deposit (Section. 5 of FTDR). Central Government can call and examine any records and pass revision orders in some cases (section. 16 of the act). SETTLEMENT A person can opt for settlement by admitting contravention in the following Contravention was without willful mistake or without any circumstances. a. collusion, fraud or without intention to cause loss of foreign exchange. b. Person mporting has not misutilised the imported goods, but condition of ‘Actual userâ €™ or ‘Export obligation’ have not been satisfied. How to cite Export Import, Papers

Consumer Behavior Psychological and Economic Behavior

Question: Discuss about theConsumer Behavior for Psychological and Economic Behavior. Answer: Introduction Consumer behavior is study of individuals or a group and the methodology they use to dispose of product to the relevant person. The idea behind studying consumer behavior is to satisfy the needs of the relevant consumer. Consumer behavior is concerned with the social, psychological, economic behavior of an individual. It examines the role of economics in influencing an individual consumer behavior. Moreover individual buying traits are studied in order to establish relationship in between personality lifestyle and behavioral variables. The study is concerned with all the aspects related to purchasing and consumer behavior that involves purchasing decisions and consumption activities. Consumer behavior is very difficult to predict as it consists of various parameters, moreover every individual behaves in a different manner (Juster, 2015). It varies from situation to situation depending upon the individual consumer behavior. The voluminous data related to individual consumer behavior i s kept in the books in order to find out the details related to consumer and their behavior. It contributes towards individual consumer behavior that contributes toward the intention of an individual buyer. A large amount of data is being kept which help in assisting market especially in term of behavioral segmentation. These customized consumer behavior strategy helps in analyzing the market behavior (Solomon, 2014). Situational Influences Situational influences are those temporary conditions that affect consumer behavior related to a product or a service. It consists of physical factors, social factors, buyers mood, the reason behind purchases etc. these are the basic factors that influences customer to make buying decision. These are the temporary conditions that affect consumer behavior whether they actually want to buy the product or not. Every individual buyer is affected by the situation while making decisions about any product or services. Businesses try to control certain situation in order to influence overall revenue. Physical Factors Consumers physical situation affect their buying decision. It is necessary to consider the physical surrounding of an individual that affects the purchasing power. Marketing professionals are considering physical factors as one of the most important factor considered while studying consumer behavior. It is one of the most important factors considered while designing store or a facility. It is assumed by the marketing professional that longer the consumer wanders around; more is the money they will spend. It is the tendency of the grocery store owner to keep bread and milk at the last place so that buyer walk around the entire store and buy other items as well. Another feature is the store location which affects the impulsive buying nature of an individual. Starbuck has its facility store in almost every place. They have placed their products at different grocery stores and airports which have excess footfall. This has helped them to gain customers and reduces the chances to lose them to other caf house (Kardes, Cronley, Cline, 2014). Psychological Factors The consumer behavior is affected by the psychological needs. Every individual has a different set of preferences and choices while making any future decision related to purchases. Perception of the customers towards a particular product affects the buying pattern of an individual (Ho, Lim and Camerer, 2006). Motivation is one of the factors that affect the buying power of a consumer largely. A consumer needs are driven by the inner motivation. As per Maslow theory the consumer are driven by the inner needs which forces him to make purchases decision (Mullen Johnson, 2013; Laros Steenkamp, 2005). Social Factors Crowding is another factor that affects the consumer behavior. People tend to shop at those places which are crowded with more people. This behavior is called as herd behavior of consumers. Not all physical factors are under control but there are some which can be controlled to some extent. Consumer social situation influence the consumer behavior to a great extent. Social factors influence the consumer behavior and affect the buying patterns of the consumer. Society affects the buying decision of an individual (Bian Moutinho, 2011; Vinerean, Cetina, Dumitrescu Tichindelean, 2013). Consumer buying decision is affected by the situational and technological factors. He behaves as per the current situation .time and mood of an individual affects the buying decision as he only makes purchase when he is willing to. Moreover technology plays a major role in deciding the behavior of an individual. Social media tools are used as one of the important tool to promote purchase decision in the customers. They are highly affecting the purchasing decision of an individual. Impulse Purchase vs. High Involvement An impulse purchase is a spontaneous decision to purchase a good or a service before actual purchases. A person who makes such purchases is called as an impulse purchaser. A study has suggested that sentiments and feelings play a major role in purchasing. The consumer tends to make purchases which are prompted by the product or due to exposure to some promotional message. Marketers tend to use consumer tendency to utilize impulsive behavior of the consumer. For example, a departmental store is keeping the candy, gum, mints and chocolate at the exit in order to promote impulsive buying. Another example of impulsive buying is for the products which are complementary to each other. It stirs a particular passion inside the consumer to buy some goods. Impulsive buying affects the normal decision making power of an individual customer. The logical sense of the customers is overpowered by the irrational moment of self satisfaction. Its largely appeals to the emotional side of a customer (Mu ruganantham Bhakat, 2013). A high involvement purchase occurs when a consumer wants to buy an expensive product. It involves a high degree of emotional significance for the buyer and he highly avoids the mistake made in purchases decision making. Complex and involving buying behavior affects the buying process and it tends to shift in situation that requires less involvement. The importance of the product and the buyers emotional significance are equally correlated. Purchasing decision of an individual are highly altered when he buys an expensive product. Social and personal risk plays a vital role in buying decision making. The consumer buying decision in case of high involvement purchases are in the case of purchase of a house, car, electronic gadget etc because of the amount of expenditure made in their purchases. Another reason behind such purchases is because a consumer invests only once, so he wants it to be best (Dijksterhuis et al, 2005). The buying process is long in case of high involvement purchases as it involves a well extended phase of research of the product. The consumer collects the information prior to the actual purchases and only makes purchases if he is highly satisfied with the goods or the services. Conclusion Consumer behavior is subject to various external and internal factors. He behaves differently depending upon the situation. Consumer behavior is very difficult to be judged as every person has different set of preferences depending upon his needs. There are two factors namely psychological and social factors that affect the buying decision of a consumer. Psychological factors mainly includes reason that control the emotional needs of an individual whereas social needs are the one that are influence by the cultural background of the individual and the society he is living in. moreover there are other different factors as well which decides the buying pattern of an individual. An impulsive buyer is one who make spontaneous buying decision whereas a high involvement buying decisions are made after a thorough research. Consumers exhibit differently depending upon his personal requirements. It is difficult for an individual to judge any future behavior but previous market research tools a re used to understand the behavior of an individual. Hence it is evident that a consumer behavior depends upon various external and internal factors. References Bian, X., Moutinho, L. (2011). The role of brand image, product involvement, and knowledge in explaining consumer purchase behaviour of counterfeits: Direct and indirect effects. European Journal of Marketing, 45(1/2), 191-216. Dijksterhuis, A., Smith, P. K., Van Baaren, R. B., Wigboldus, D. H. (2005). The unconscious consumer: Effects of environment on consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 15(3), 193-202. Ho, T.H., Lim, N. and Camerer, C.F., 2006. Modeling the psychology of consumer and firm behavior with behavioral economics. Journal of marketing Research, 43(3), pp.307-331. Juster, F. T. (2015). Anticipations and purchases: An analysis of consumer behavior. Princeton University Press. Kardes, F., Cronley, M., Cline, T. (2014). Consumer behavior. Cengage Learning. Laros, F. J., Steenkamp, J. B. E. (2005). Emotions in consumer behavior: a hierarchical approach. Journal of business Research, 58(10), 1437-1445. Mullen, B., Johnson, C. (2013). The psychology of consumer behavior. Psychology Press. Muruganantham, G., Bhakat, R. S. (2013). A review of impulse buying behavior. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 5(3), 149. Solomon, M. R. (2014). Consumer behavior: Buying, having, and being. Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: prentice Hall. Vinerean, S., Cetina, I., Dumitrescu, L., Tichindelean, M. (2013). The effects of social media marketing on online consumer behavior. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(14), 66.

Renaissance Polyphony free essay sample

Renaissance Polyphony: The Foundation of Modern Western Music The music of the Renaissance was essentially the beginning of all modern musical thought- the first to truly integrate various forms of harmony with definite structure. The music provided rapid and significant advancements in harmony within western music, evolving from the parallel lines of Ars Nova and culminating in the base ingredients for tonality and monodic chord analysis all in a relatively short period of two hundred years. The evolution of Renaissance polyphony expanded tonal harmony through the use of multiple voices and their interval relationships, stablished aural and music technicality conventions, and provided the groundwork for all tonality based western music. The foundation of Renaissance polyphony can be found in the organum of the eleventh century and more specifically in the ars nova which came to prominence in the fourteenth century. Organum briefly appeared in the tenth century but was dismissed by the Catholic Church and did not become popular until the eleventh century. Organum was the first notable use of harmony in the western world and was the first genre to more than one voice part (in this case, two). Composers took melodies from Gregorian chant and extended them harmonically with parallel fifths and especially parallel fourths. The intervals of the perfect fourth, fifth, and octave were considered the only concords during this period and use of other intervals was considered cacophonous. Later organum used stepwise motion within the mode of the composition to reach the concord interval as well as to move in oblique motion to end in a unison. Organum from the Notre Dame school based out of Paris in the thirteenth century even created the first contrary motion, with one voice moving from nison upward a step and the other downward by a minor third to form a perfect fourth interval (Ferguson, 46-47). From late organum the ideas of Ars Nova were established, becoming standardized and prevalent through the writings of composers and music theorists Marchetto of Padua and Phillip de Vitry. Vitry coined the term Ars Nova, which means new art, in a music theory essay in order to separate the concept from Ars Antiqua, a reference to music before harmony (Pirrotta). Ars Nova was founded upon three new principles, the first two of which are still felt today (in non-serialist music). The first is the concordance of third and sixth intervals, which became the basis for all modern tonal music. It was also during this period, particularly within the writings of Walter Odington, where the harmonious aspects of major and minor thirds were first theorized. The second principle is the minimal use of parallel fifths, fourths, and octaves. This ban on the use of parallel fifths and octaves is still prominent today. Finally, the third principle of Ars Nova is the allowance of small amounts of discord. release but mostly for passing motion between consonant intervals. Discord was not ncouraged, however, and was permitted on the weaker beats of a piece only (Ferguson, 70-72). As Ars Nova moved forward into the early Renaissance it began to expand harmonically to include more oblique and similar motion. This new concept is referred to as polyphony, or two or more voices moving in melodic independence. Though Ars Nova also had independent voice movement, the newer polyphony had differed in style and complexity. The new style of polyphony contained both more voices and more variety in its use of harmony between melody lines (more variety in the intervals between voices). The use of modes in music theory was beginning to shift as well, moving from the 12 modes used by the Greeks and in the Middle Ages to the 8 modes considered in modern tonality (Reese, 185). These were further expanded with the formal introduction of the accidental in the late fourteenth century into the early Renaissance. The accidental had been used sparingly for centuries, either lower the seventh scale degree a half step to avoid the tritone with the fourth degree or to accent the third and sixth scale degrees tendency to resolve toa perfect interval, but found universal use and acceptance only in the (Pirrotta). The early Renaissance polyphonic music was the first true overlap of secular music into uses in sacred music. It became common for composers to use secular tunes as a basis for their melodies, often not even altering them. Composers then layered their compositions with contrapuncture, often with those second melodies chopping and splicing the original melody. Secular tunes even became the basis for many sixteenth century masses.. The practice of using folk melodies continued on after the Renaissance (though theoretically banned with the Council of Trent), specially in nationalist and traditionalist composers in the twentieth century. The undeniable master of involving secular music in sacred polyphony was Josquin des Pres, who based almost all his sacred music compositions on secular tunes. Josquin was born around the year 1450 and was culturally French, though originally of Flemish decent. He was a member of the Papal Choir for 8 years and served as maestro to various cathedrals throughout Milan and Cologne, among others. Notably works included his 16 masses, which were composed in a paraphrase mass style, and his 61 motets. Musically Josquin is inarguably onsidered the finest composer of the middle Renaissance (Reece, 235). The early Renaissance polyphony was the first to utilize many other concepts of tonal music theory. The music of the early period was the first to place emphasis on the cadence at the end of a composition. This was usually done either with the use of stepwise motion downward in the tenor voice or with the leading tone (raised 7th step) in the highest voice going to tonic, with all voices ending in unison or octaves. Rhythmic innovations included the first use of tuplets, which used abnormal divisions of the beat contrary to the key signature. The most common combination was using triplet rhythms into simple meter, such as three notes divided into two beats. The most significant form of composition for the majority of the Renaissance was the Mass, a sacred choral composition which bases around six main sections as well as smaller vocal bits. Many of the masses of the day were composed around a lead Gregorian chant, with polyphonic harmonies independent of the melody provided by the choir. By the middle of the fifteenth century cyclic masses, which had a unified cantus firmus through each of the main six movements, became popular. By the iddle of the sixteenth century the mass had been surpassed by the motet, which was a multiple voiced choral composition but with reliance on a central cantus firmus. Moving into the sixteenth century the melodic lines of the counterpoint began to become more isorhythmic and the polyphony more complex. Composers began to experiment with multiple melodies layered isorhythmically and having more independence between the voices. The modal system continued to decline due to the expanded use of accidentals and modulation. The Ionian mode (now considered major) and Aeolian mode (now considered natural minor) took what would become ermanent dominance in this period, with the other 6 modes falling into the background. The music of the middle and later Renaissance was greatly impacted by the advancement of new printing technology, which allowed mass produced, accurate copies of music to be sold and distributed throughout civilized Europe (Furgeson, 123). This allowed new musical ideas to be accurately transported and shared throughout the European continent. Additionally the use of printed music led toa standardized music notation technique, such as the introduction of standard oval notes for music as compared to square shaped noteheads and standard clef designs Reese, 289). Coinciding with the advancement of printing technology came a rise in the prominence of the patronage system in music. This increased the impact of individual composers, giving them more value and power in the music market. This also lead to a slight variance away from the secularly based music of composers like Josquin as composers no longer needed to find approval from the general population but instead from small groups of associates, contemporaries, and patrons (Ferguson, 118). Both the system of patronage and the growing division of secular and sacred usic would culminate in the later Renaissance with the Council of Trent and the Catholic Church. The Protestant Reformation and the Council of Trent had tremendous impact on the music of the middle and late Renaissance. The Protestant Reformation divided the realm of sacred music, allowing music in the Protestant north (particularly England) and Catholic south to take separate directions. A meeting of church officials known as the Council of Trent was formed to discuss grievances within the church. The Council of Trent was essentially a Counter-Reformation effort from the Catholic Church to fix problems within the church and hinder the growth of Protestantism. The Council had both positive and negative effects on composers of Catholic sacred music in the era. Artistic integrity was diminished greatly by the Council since the delegation found the new, more complex polyphony being composed was taking away emphasis from the text and banned the practice (Reese, 448-451). However, the Council of Trent also led to an increase in Catholic patronage in music, though composers were slightly censored by the restraints of the new polyphonic laws of the The Council of Trent unintentionally caused the sacred music of the late Renaissance to have a stronger focus on melody instead of contrapuncture. As composers emphasized less complex rhythm, the music of the late Renaissance became more homophonic, a trend that would continue after the Renaissance with counterpoint. Additionally dissonances were approached more methodically, only allowed in quarter note sequences on off beats. Suspensions and other ornamentations were strictly bound with rules not common in earlier Renaissance music (Reese, 460). This strict use of rules and resolutions of dissonances would ater become the foundation to strict counterpoint and the music of the Baroque period. These changes in music impacted mostly Catholic populated areas such as Italy and Spain, but had minor impacts on Protestant Europe. These rules had the largest impact in the Roman school of composition, which was mastered by and molded around the works of Giovanni Palestrina. Giovanni Palestrina was the pinnacle ofa Renaissance period composer. He was born Just outside of Rome, music capital of the later Renaissance, around the year 1525 and was studying music at the Papal Basilica by the age of 12. At age 26 he was appointed maestro di cappella of the Popes choir at St. Peters Basilica and both led and composed for the choir. His music was the ideal product of the Council of Trent and not only had many pieces commissioned to Justify the Councils statements but was given the task of cleansing all of the Churchs music of impurities. Inarguably his greatest works are his 105 masses, which are textbook examples of the aforementioned late Renaissance composition standards (Reese, 469). His death in 1 594 seemingly heralded the end of Renaissance music into the beginnings of the Baroque period. From the last music of the Renaissance a compositional revolution took place that shook all know structure in music theory. The monodic revolution, as it is called, recreated the way music was analyzed. Instead of examining music from the contrapunctal multiple melodies of polyphony, monodic music theory analyzed compositions as a series of consecutive chords, or a combination of pitches related harmonically (Fergusun, 154-55). This paradigm shift took many years to full integrate, particularly in areas where polyphony flourished, such as Rome. Other cities which had never had a particularly strong school of polyphonic composition, uch as Florence, adapted quickly to the monodic style (Gray, 124-125). The first practical integration of the chord based system came in the emerging new frontier of opera, a genre which would eventually grow to become the largest source of entertainment in Europe. Furthermore the monodic system has made polyphony essentially obsolete, with the exception of a few cases of traditional revivalism. This monodic chord system became the basis for the concept of tonalized music, which became dominant in orchestral music through the middle of the twentieth century and still continues to be dominant today in popular music. Twentieth century modern music and music theory differentiated itself from its predecessors in the dichotomy between the music theory of classical works (or modernist) and that of the emerged mainstream popular music. Even within modern orchestral music a separation occurred between the post-Romantic and Romantic and neoclassical music, which found its basis in the tonal music of the eighteenth and nineteenth century, maintained strong ties to the intervals of thirds and sixths as well as retaining much of the monodic format from the late Renaissance and early Baroque, though much more experimental. A more experimental compositional technique called serialism came into prominence in the middle 20th century. Serialism emphasized chromaticism by using either all twelve tones or a non-tonal series of notes in a matrix and arranging them almost mathematically in different series. However, since serialist composers had theory training in traditional tonality, often works had traditionalist influences (coming from the late Renaissance) along with their modern serialist and experimental elements (Born 293-295). The impact of late Renaissance music is even more noticeable in modern popularized music. Popular music, also known as commercial music, combines Afro- rhythmic syncopation with the third based tonal or monodic system. The chords used in the popular music genre of Jazz are completely based around the interval of the third, specifically compounding multiple thirds to create 7ths, 9ths, 1 1 ths, and 13ths. The eight modes standardized in the Renaissance reemerged in middle to late twentieth century modal Jazz, particularly the Dorian mode built on the second scale degree. Popular music, with the exception of more experimental Jazz music, almost exclusively follows the series of chord relationships and rules perfected by Palestrina and the late Renaissance composers. The impact of the patronage system which began in the middle and late Renaissance can be seen in the rise of modern popular music. Composers during and after the Renaissance earned a significant amount of their income from private patronage, which held the composers accountable to their financiers more than to the attitude of the general public. This separation from public opinion paved the way for a new commercial and popular music that came into prominence in the twentieth century. Popular music found its base in capitalism rather than patronage nd provided a music for the common person disregarded in the patronage system. The music composed during the Renaissance and particularly the late Renaissance laid down the foundation for the development of the vertical, chord based system of music theory and music composition as well as brought tonality to western music which is still at the base for much of modern music. The compositions of the Renaissance not only touched millions of listeners during its popularity but continues to affect millions around the world today with its reach into the modern world.